"Pregnant dams were randomly assigned to an exposure group (n = 8 per group), and received daily oral TPhP or ethanol vehicle exposure from G8 through weaning (P21) as described in Section 2.2 below...

Given that FM550 contains 17% TPhP [16], our oral TPhP dose of 170 μg per day is equivalent to the amount of TPhP present in the 1 mg FM 550/rat/day dosed over the same developmental period that produced metabolic disruption in a previous study [17]. On average an adult ingests 28 mg of dust per day [25] making oral TPhP administration highly relevant to humans [12], [25]. At 28 mg of dust per day, over the course of pregnancy and breastfeeding a woman would ingest a total of 17.5 g of dust [26]. Therefore it would require only 90 μg of TPhP per gram of dust for a woman to receive 21 mg/kg of TPhP. This is the same total exposure as rats in this study and well below 1800 μg of TPhP/g of dust, which to the best of our knowledge is the maximum observed level reported from samples collected in 2007 and 2012 [12], [27], [28]. Triphenylphosphte (100% purity; Accustandard, New Haven, CT) was weighed to the nearest tenth of a mg, diluted into 100% ethanol (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburg, PA), and vortex mixed to yield a dose solution of 8.5 mg/mL.

Due to their taste aversion to the treat used as a dose vehicle by Patisaul [17], we instead dispensed 20 μL of ethanol with or without TPhP onto a ¼ mini Nilla wafer cookie vehicle, 1 quarter equivalent to 1.75 kcal total, 0.65 kcal fat, 1.05 kcal carbohydrates, 0.05 kcal protein; Nabisco, East Hanover, NJ [29] and allowed the ethanol to completely evaporate before administration to UCD-T2DM rats (Fig. 1A & 1B). Dams were habituated to eating the ¼ mini Nilla wafer prior to exposure from G4-7 (Fig. 1A & B), and all rats readily consumed the ¼ mini Nilla wafer within 5 min for all groups by the onset of the exposure period."

F1 Female UCD-T2DM Rats