Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) emissions from a plastic coating industrial source in southern New Hampshire (NH) have contaminated at least 65 square miles of drinking water. Prior research indicates that high levels of PFAS are associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, including an increased risk of cancer. Reports indicate that mean blood serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), one type of PFAS, in residents of the exposed community are more than 2 times greater than the mean blood serum level in the US. Merrimack public water supply customers also have higher average blood levels of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) than the time-matched US average. A 2018 report concludes that the incidence rate of cancer in Merrimack does not exceed the incidence rate of cancer in NH in general. However, prior reporting on the risk of cancer in Merrimack is compared only to a state-wide metric influenced by the Merrimack cancer incidence.

Methods: Our ecological study compared the risk in Merrimack, NH residents for 24 types of cancer between 2005 and 2014, targeted in a previous study, and all-cause cancers, to US national cancer rates and cancer rates in demographically similar towns in New England. Four New England "unexposed towns" were chosen based on demographic similarity to Merrimack, with no documented PFAS exposure in water supplies. We utilized unadjusted logistical regression to approximate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) assessing the risk of cancer in Merrimack NH to each of the 4 comparator communities, the pooled comparator variable, and national average incidence.

Results: Residents of Merrimack, NH experienced a significantly higher risk of thyroid cancer (RR = 1.47, 95% CI 1.12-1.93), bladder cancer (RR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.17-1.81), esophageal cancer (RR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.1-2.65), and mesothelioma (RR = 2.41, 95% CI 1.09-5.34), compared to national averages. Our work also suggests that Merrimack residents experienced a significantly higher risk of all-cause cancer (RR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.25-1.43), thyroid cancer (RR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.19-2.39), colon cancer (RR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.57), and prostate cancer (RR = 1.36, 95% CI 1.15, 1.6) compared with similarly exposed New England communities. Our results indicate that residents of Merrimack may also have a significantly lower risk of some site-specific cancers compared to national averages, including lower risk of prostate cancer (RR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.5-0.66), female breast cancer (RR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.52-0.68), ovarian cancer (RR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.33-0.84) and cervical cancer (RR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.12-0.69).

Conclusion: Merrimack residents experienced a significantly higher risk of at least 4 types of cancer over 10 years between 2005 and 2014. Merrimack is a community with documented PFAS contamination of drinking water in public and private water sources. Results indicate that further research is warranted to elucidate if southern NH residents experience increased risk for various types of cancer due to exposure to PFAS contamination.

[Untagged]
━ Included
━ ━ Human
━ ━ ━ Pregnant women
━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ Infants
━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ Children
━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ General population
━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ Occupational
━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ Animal
━ ━ ━ Acute
━ ━ ━ Short-term
━ ━ ━ Subchronic
━ ━ ━ Chronic
━ ━ ━ Developmental
━ ━ ━ Peripubertal
━ ━ ━ Multigenerational
━ ━ ━ Not Specified
━ Excluded
━ ━ Manually excluded in SWIFT-Review
━ ━ Manually excluded in SWIFT-Active Screener
━ ━ Automatically excluded via ML in SWIFT-Active Screener
━ ━ Manually excluded in Distiller (TIAB)
━ ━ Manually excluded in Distiller (full-text)
━ ━ ━ Not relevant to PECO
━ ━ ━ No data provided
━ ━ ━ Unable to obtain full-text
━ Supplemental
━ ━ Mechanistic (in vitro/ex vivo/in silico)
━ ━ ADME
━ ━ PK/PBPK
━ ━ Non-mammalian model
━ ━ Transgenic mammalian model
━ ━ Animal disease model
━ ━ Non-oral or non-inhalation route
━ ━ ━ Exposure duration
━ ━ ━ ━ Acute
━ ━ ━ ━ Short-term
━ ━ ━ ━ Subchronic
━ ━ ━ ━ Chronic
━ ━ ━ ━ Developmental
━ ━ ━ ━ Peripubertal
━ ━ ━ ━ Multigenerational
━ ━ ━ ━ Other/unclear
━ ━ ━ Route of exposure
━ ━ ━ ━ Dermal
━ ━ ━ ━ Injection
━ ━ ━ ━ Intravenous
━ ━ ━ ━ Other/unclear
━ ━ Exposure only
━ ━ Mixture
━ ━ Case reports/series (n<=3)
━ ━ No original data
━ ━ Conference abstract
━ ━ ECHA read-across
━ ━ Presumed duplicate
━ ━ Foreign language
━ Chemical
━ ━ Not Specified in Title/Abstract
━ ━ (1H,1H-Perfluoroethyl)(2H-perfluoroethyl)ether
━ ━ (E)-Perfluoro(4-methyl-2-pentene)
━ ━ 1-(Perfluorohexyl)ethane
━ ━ 1-(Perfluorohexyl)octane
━ ━ 1,6-Diiodoperfluorohexane
━ ━ 1,6-Divinylperfluorohexane
━ ━ 1,8-Diiodoperfluorooctane
━ ━ 11-chloroeicoafluoro-3-oxaundecane-1-sulfonate
━ ━ 11-H-Perfluoroundecanoic acid
━ ━ 1H,1H,5H-Perfluoropentyl methacrylate
━ ━ 1H-Perfluorohexane
━ ━ 2-(N-Ethyl-perfluorooctanesulfonamido)acetate
━ ━ 2-(N-Ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)acetic acid
━ ━ 2-(N-Methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)acetate
━ ━ 2-(N-Methylperfluorooctanesulfonamido)acetic acid
━ ━ 2-(Perfluorohexyl)ethanethiol
━ ━ 2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl triflate
━ ━ 2,2,3,3,4,4,5-Heptafluorotetrahydro-5-(nonafluorobutyl)furan
━ ━ 2,3-Dichlorooctafluorobutane
━ ━ 2:1 Fluorotelomer alcohol
━ ━ 2H,3H-Decafluoropentane
━ ━ 2H-Perfluoro-2-decenoic acid
━ ━ 2H-Perfluoro-2-octenoic acid
━ ━ 2H-Perfluoro-2-propanol
━ ━ 2-Methoxy-2H-perfluoropropane
━ ━ 2-Perfluorodecyl ethanoic acid
━ ━ 2-Perfluorooctyl ethanoic acid
━ ━ 2-Perfluorohexyl ethanoic acid
━ ━ 2-Vinyl(1-bromoperfluoroethane)
━ ━ 3-(Perfluoroethyl)propanol
━ ━ 3-(Perfluorohexyl)propanol
━ ━ 3-Ethoxyperfluoro(2-methylhexane)
━ ━ 4,8-Dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid
━ ━ 6:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester
━ ━ 6:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate monoester
━ ━ 6:2 Fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate
━ ━ 6:2 Fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonic acid
━ ━ 6:2/8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester
━ ━ 7:1 Fluorotelomer alcohol
━ ━ 7-H-Perfluoroheptanoate
━ ━ 8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate diester
━ ━ 8:2 Fluorotelomer phosphate monoester
━ ━ 8:2 Fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonate
━ ━ 8:2 Fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonic acid
━ ━ 9:1 Fluorotelomer alcohol
━ ━ 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanonane-1-sulfonic acid
━ ━ Ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate
━ ━ Dichloromethyl((perfluorohexyl)ethyl)silane
━ ━ Heptafluoro-2-iodopropane
━ ━ Heptafluoropropyl iodide
━ ━ Hexaflumuron
━ ━ Perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclobutane
━ ━ Perfluoro-1,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane
━ ━ Perfluoro-1,4-diiodobutane
━ ━ Perfluoro-2-methyl-3-pentanone
━ ━ Perfluoro-4-(perfluoroethyl)cyclohexylsulfonate
━ ━ Perfluorobutyl methyl ether
━ ━ Perfluorodecanesulfonate
━ ━ Perfluorodecanesulfonic acid
━ ━ Perfluorododecanoic acid
━ ━ Perfluorooctanesulfonamido ethanol
━ ━ Perfluoroisohexane
━ ━ Perfluoromethylcyclohexane
━ ━ Perfluoromethyldecalin
━ ━ Perfluorononanesulfonate
━ ━ Perfluorononanesulfonic acid
━ ━ Perfluorooctane
━ ━ Perfluoropentanesulfonate
━ ━ Perfluoropropanoate
━ ━ Perfluorosebacic acid
━ ━ Perfluoropentanesulfonic acid
━ ━ Sodium bis[2-(perfluorohexyl)ethyl] phosphate
━ ━ Trifluoroacetate
━ ━ Trifluoroacetic anhydride
━ ━ Trimethoxy((perfluorohexyl)ethyl)silane
━ Inclusion
━ ━ Human Study
━ ━ Animal Study
━ ━ Mechanistic Study
━ PFAS 430
━ ━ Included
━ ━ ━ Human
━ ━ ━ ━ Pregnant women
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ Infants
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ Children
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ General population
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ Occupational
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ Animal
━ ━ ━ ━ Acute
━ ━ ━ ━ Short-term
━ ━ ━ ━ Subchronic
━ ━ ━ ━ Chronic
━ ━ ━ ━ Developmental
━ ━ ━ ━ Peripubertal
━ ━ ━ ━ Multigenerational
━ ━ ━ ━ Not Specified
━ ━ Excluded
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in SWIFT-Review
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in SWIFT-Active Screener
━ ━ ━ Automatically excluded via ML in SWIFT-Active Screener
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in Distiller (TIAB)
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in Distiller (full-text)
━ ━ ━ ━ Not relevant to PECO
━ ━ ━ ━ No data provided
━ ━ ━ ━ Unable to obtain full-text
━ ━ Supplemental
━ ━ ━ Mechanistic (in vitro/ex vivo/in silico)
━ ━ ━ ADME
━ ━ ━ PK/PBPK
━ ━ ━ Non-mammalian model
━ ━ ━ Transgenic mammalian model
━ ━ ━ Animal disease model
━ ━ ━ Non-oral or non-inhalation route
━ ━ ━ ━ Exposure duration
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Acute
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Short-term
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Subchronic
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Chronic
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Developmental
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Peripubertal
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Multigenerational
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Other/unclear
━ ━ ━ ━ Route of exposure
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Dermal
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Injection
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Intravenous
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Other/unclear
━ ━ ━ Exposure only
━ ━ ━ Mixture
━ ━ ━ Case reports/series (n<=3)
━ ━ ━ No original data
━ ━ ━ Conference abstract
━ ━ ━ ECHA read-across
━ ━ ━ Presumed duplicate
━ ━ ━ Foreign language
━ Additional PFAS
━ ━ Included
━ ━ ━ Human
━ ━ ━ ━ Pregnant women
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ Infants
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ Children
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ General population
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ ━ Occupational
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Case-control
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cohort
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Controlled trial
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Cross-sectional
━ ━ ━ Animal
━ ━ ━ ━ Acute
━ ━ ━ ━ Short-term
━ ━ ━ ━ Subchronic
━ ━ ━ ━ Chronic
━ ━ ━ ━ Developmental
━ ━ ━ ━ Peripubertal
━ ━ ━ ━ Multigenerational
━ ━ ━ ━ Not Specified
━ ━ Excluded
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in SWIFT-Review
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in SWIFT-Active Screener
━ ━ ━ Automatically excluded via ML in SWIFT-Active Screener
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in Distiller (TIAB)
━ ━ ━ Manually excluded in Distiller (full-text)
━ ━ ━ ━ Not relevant to PECO
━ ━ ━ ━ No data provided
━ ━ ━ ━ Unable to obtain full-text
━ ━ Supplemental
━ ━ ━ Mechanistic (in vitro/ex vivo/in silico)
━ ━ ━ ADME
━ ━ ━ PK/PBPK
━ ━ ━ Non-mammalian model
━ ━ ━ Transgenic mammalian model
━ ━ ━ Animal disease model
━ ━ ━ Non-oral or non-inhalation route
━ ━ ━ ━ Exposure duration
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Acute
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Short-term
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Subchronic
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Chronic
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Developmental
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Peripubertal
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Multigenerational
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Other/unclear
━ ━ ━ ━ Route of exposure
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Dermal
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Injection
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Intravenous
━ ━ ━ ━ ━ Other/unclear
━ ━ ━ Exposure only
━ ━ ━ Mixture
━ ━ ━ Case reports/series (n<=3)
━ ━ ━ No original data
━ ━ ━ Conference abstract
━ ━ ━ ECHA read-across
━ ━ ━ Presumed duplicate
━ ━ ━ Foreign language

References (13689 found)