Abbreviation: GA = Gestational Age

a. Studies are sorted first by overall study confidence level then by Exposure Window examined.

b. For {Yang, 2022, 10176804@@author-year}, the -0.72 per ln-unit ncrease value is reported in the preterm birth population and the -0.09 per IQR increase value is in the term birth population.

c. Gardener gestational age differences estimated from digitization of their Figure 4; 95%CIs were not estimable. 

d. For evaluation of patterns of results, studies that collected biomarker samples concurrently or after birth were considered to be cross-sectional analyses [e.g., {Yang, 2022, 10176806}].